Yoga is a very ancient practice that originated in India. The term refers to union or communication. Yoga is an ancient system of relaxation, exercise, and healing with origins in Indian philosophy. Early descriptions of yoga are written in Sanskrit, the classical literary language of India. The first known work is "The Yoga Sutras," written more than 2,000 years ago, although yoga has been practicing 5000 years ago. The initial concepts have been adapted over time through translation and scholarly interpretation, but the fundamental principles describing the practice of yoga in the quest of the soul remain largely intact. For many, yoga is viewed as a physical, mental, and spiritual discipline that confers a sound body and a sound mind. Many studies are conducted by various researchers on yoga and studied its effects on physical function and mental function but less attention has been paid to Mental, mental health abilities and well-being by yoga practitioners. It was, therefore, assumed that similar impact of yoga may also be experienced by the school girl’s student of Mumbai.

Tridax procumbens(L.) belonging to family ‘Asteraceae’ is a common medicinal herb called ‘Jayanti veda’ in Sanskrit. It is used traditionally for treatment of many diseases such as dysentery, malaria, diarrhea, high blood pressure, stomach ache and to check haemorrhage from cuts bruises and wounds. The phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids(catechins and flavones), saponins and tannins. Anti-angiogenic property of extract seems to be inhibiting VEGF production and kills proliferating cancer cells by disrupting their microtubule cytoskeleton not allowing normal CAM vasculogenesis. Result of the present study indicates that the T.procumbens(bark) in acetone extract significantly suppressed endothelial cell proliferation, number of secondary and tertiary blood vessels as well as associated total CAM area. The anti-angiogenic property were evaluated after administration of acetone extract of T.procumbens(bark) at 48,72 and 96hrs treatment on chick CAM after day six. The present study was conducted to evaluate anti-angiogenic effect of acetone extract of T.procumbens(bark) by using chick chorioallantoic membrane(CAM) assay in vivo.

The uplift of women was one of the programmes of periyar from the beginning of his public service. Periyar views on women empowerment is women should be given equal right along with men for the family property. There should be no objection to employing women to any job for which they are qualified. Schools, particularly primary schools should try to employ only women teacher. The women today, despite their education, wealth sophisticated knowledge are reflection of the of periyar thoughts. We have already referred to the service that Periyar and his movement have done to secure a better statusfor women in our society. It was Periyar’s conviction that in matters of education and employment there should be no difference between men and women. Periyar views on women rights and liberation is unique way of the uplift of women.

One of the most important problems in today’s world is the environmental crisis. The Earth systems are under threat. Global warming, freshwater depletion, biodiversity reduction, hole in the ozone layer - are all examples of such threats. One has to ask oneself what can be done to stop this development. How serious is it really? And what is it actually possible to do to change the direction? Most people would be surprised to discover that the laws, regulations, and mandates designed to protect our environment may actually be harming it instead. For the same reason, it seems that the best way to protect the environment from destruction and, indeed, to improve its condition is to revive our forgotten understandings by referring back to the teachings and instructions of divine religions and reviewing and readjusting our policies regarding the application of modern technology and in using natural resources appropriately. This paper is an attempt to explore those Islamic values which creates the environmental consciousness.

Waste of health services are becoming a difficult problem . This situation highlights the need for alternatives to the management of this waste , in order to protect society , the use of reverse logistics becomes an option . In Amazonas , the problem of waste health service is a fact and the need to solve them as well. The demands for health services arising from population growth has also generated an increase of waste from the health service. Exacerbates this situation , the lack of projects which facilitates the reuse of waste as well as effective planning in the management of these wastes.

Inúmeros desafios logísticos são enfrentados a cada dia na Amazônia Legal pela complexidade do seu território, assim como a precária infraestrutura de que se dispõe. O objetivo principal deste artigo é relatar os desafios logísticos na região. Partindo desse princípio, foram estabelecidos objetivos específicos para avaliar a falta de infra-estrutura e identificar os gargalos na hora de fazer negócios no Brasil. Além disso, apresenta um panorama onde são estudados os diferentes gargalos que impedem de maneira significativa o fluxo continuo e as dificuldades no desenvolvimento logístico de forma continua. Pensou-se em abordar este tema, devido ao constante crescimento na produção do Polo Industrial de Manaus em alguns setores e não contar com a infraestrutura necessária para escorar seus produtos de maneira eficiente e a um baixo custo.

Information technology has given rise to new innovations in banking sector in the form of ATM, Debit and Credit cards, online advisory services, E banking, mobile banking ,ECS, RTGS, EFT are value added products and services. Today customer services and customer satisfaction are prime tasks of each bank’s .The research paper aims to study the customer satisfaction from emerging online banking services of public sector banks with customer awareness, data security and trust while using various e banking services. Most of the customers utilize electronic banking for their general transactions. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire from 200 customers of public sector bank.

The Textile Sector in India ranks next to Agriculture. Textile is one of India’s oldest industries and has a frightful presence in the national economy in as much as it contributes to about 14 per cent of manufacturing value-addition, accounts for around one-third of our gross export earnings and provides gainful employment to millions of people. The textile industry occupies a unique place in our country. One of the earliest to come into existence in India, it accounts for 14% of the total Industrial production, contributes to nearly 30% of the total exports and is the second largest employment generator after agriculture.

Agriculture is the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio economic development of India. More than 80 percent of the farmers working in this sector are marginal and small scale farmers. They depend on loan from private money lenders or from financial institutions for the cultivation of their land. They depend on agricultural income for their family expenses, education and marriage of the children. The agriculture in India is in crises and farmers of various states. Specifically, five states— Maharashtra, Telangana,Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka — account for a large (and growing) number of the suicides among farmers throughout the country indebtedness, repeated failure of crops, increasing cost of production, poor quality of seeds, impact of globalization, exploitation by money lenders and businessmen and the other factors are the main causes for their distress which lead to suicides.

The Social Empowerment of Women includes equal access to Education, Health, Environment, Shelter, Nutrition, etc. Equal access to education for women and girls will be ensured. Special measures will be taken to eliminate discrimination, universalize education, eradicate illiteracy, create a gender-sensitive educational system, increase enrolment and retention rates of girls and improve the quality of education to facilitate life-long learning as well as development of occupation/vocation/technical skills by women. Reducing the gender gap in secondary and higher education would be a focus area. Sectoral time targets in existing policies will be achieved, with a special focus on girls and women, particularly those belonging to weaker sections including the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tn bes/Other Backward C lasses/Minorities. Gender si-nsitve curricula would be developed at all levels of educational system in order to address sex stereotyping as one of the causes of gender discrimination.

Guava fruit is commercially grown throughout the country. The present study was focused on the trend, growth rates and the magnitudes of variability of guava cultivation in India, marketing efficiency of guava of Tirunelveli district and the effects of variation in consumer’s price on the shares of the producer-sellers and the retailer. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the Marketing Efficiency of Guava Market in Ayakudi and Veerakeralampudur Village of Tirunelveli district. The statistical tools like compound growth rate, Shepherd’s Formula, and method of least squares, regression coefficients, F– value and Garrett’s ranking technique were used in the present study. It could be seen that the Guava production in India had been reduced heavily to the tune of 10.04 per cent per annum during the period of 2004-05 to 2014-15.

The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. Research on women’s status has found that the contributions Indian women make to families often are overlooked, and instead they are viewed as economic burdens. There is a strong son preference in India, as sons are expected to care for parents as they age. All of these factors exert a negative impact on the health status of Indian women.

The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. Research on women’s status has found that the contributions Indian women make to families often are overlooked, and instead they are viewed as economic burdens. There is a strong son preference in India, as sons are expected to care for parents as they age. All of these factors exert a negative impact on the health status of Indian women.

The concept of Human Rights has arisen from that of natural rights of all human. The belief that every person by virtue of his humanity is entitled to certain natural rights is a recurring theme throughout the history of mankind. India experienced continued incidents of violence against women failed to provide protection for freedom of speech and continued to not hold public officials accountable for wrongdoing. Abuses by the police and security forces including extrajudicial killings, torture and rape, as well as corruption at all levels of government, are the most significant human rights problems in India.

The present study deals with sociological study among the Karbi Tribe of Karbi Anglong district. The information was collected through semi-structured questionnaire and interview schedule among the common people of different localities. The study will highlight the history and origin, settlement pattern, family structure, present socio-economic status along with cultural practices of Karbi Tribe of Karbi Anglong district.

Human Animal conflict has attained global attention due to the casualties, deaths and damage costs for animals, human and properties. Nagarahole reserve forest is own such serious human animal conflict region in particularly it is much more serious related to human elephant conflict. According to the GPS track points to trace the elephant entry points, it was digitized numbering 518 entry points to stretch of 450 km between Cauvery to Kabini Rivers. The many villages which are situated a amidst of forest, clearing the forest inside, few villages immediately adjacent to the forest boundary in quadrangle type of a forest boundary and certain villages situated away from distance of 5km. The non-availability of food and water and surplus food at a farm land is main ttraction of elephant entry in to villages. Elephants are most intelligent animal and try to enter the farm land despite the different preventive measures that has been adapted by the forest department, villages and individuals. From this study the various methods that has been adapted in order to prevent elephants entry into farm land from the forest is discussed in detail, taking some of sample village and detailed preventive measures both successful and failure methods.

The technology has changed the personal and business life totally. The laptop is an important innovation in techno field. It has increase the efficiency of business transaction and human being in personal life. The laptop is been use in different field and by different age group of people. Each and every individual want the maximum satisfaction from this tool. This make customer a careful examiner while purchasing the laptop. The various preferential criteria are been used by customers such as brand name, price, technical features, external features etc.This things keep business on high alert all the time because the preferential criteria of customers can change at any moment. The present study focus on behaviour of select users towards laptop. In the today’s world work without technology is like bread without butter. Technology has changed our work and personal life to a greater extent. Technology has become necessity for human life. Among many technological innovations, laptop is one of tool use for multipurpose work. In the business world laptop is one of the tools responsible for increasing work efficiency. It is use for day to day business transaction like keeping attendance record of employees, calculation of salary, accounts, record of stock of materials etc.In similar fashion it is use in academic field by teachers and students. At present laptop is one of the teaching aid uses for delivering lectures in the class. On the other side students are use laptops for project work. Besides these laptop is use for games and entertainment as part of leisure activity. So the people from all the fields and from different age groups are using laptop. There are many advantages are associated with laptop as comparison to the traditional personal computer. The laptop is easy to carry and handle which gives advantages to the people whose work are not limited in one physical room or location. The battery backup is another special feature of the laptop. To get maximum benefit from this device, the careful selection of laptop from various options is important. It comes in many different screen size, colour, storage capacity, price, company brand etc.The customer approach or buying behaviour of customers towards this device is highly personal. The preference of the customers towards laptop is vary based on following factors like price, brand name, technical and external features. From business point of view it is very essential to know the behaviour or approach of customers because the need and taste of customers keep on changing, it will the firm to design the effective marketing mix strategy and market segmentation according to changing environment. The present paper focus on customer’s approach of select users towards laptop from mapusa city (North Goa).

The present study was done to find out the relationship between school environment and academic achievement of 10th class students. The study was conducted in the government and private schools locate in the urban and rural areas of Kangra district in Himachal Pradesh. The total sample consisted of 300 students of 10th class: 200 from government schools and 100 from private schools. Random sampling method was used for collecting the data. Scores obtained by students of class 10th in the final examination of previous class were taken for academic achievement and School environment inventory by Misra, K. S. (2002) was used. To analyze data‘t’ test and Pearson product moment correlation were used. The findings show there is significant relationship between school environment and academic achievement of 10th class students.

In 1994, Rwandan’s Population Growth rate was decreased at (-7.6) percent (Figure 1) with reason of the TUTSI Genocide across the country. For that reason GDP has also decreased at the rate of (-8.86) percent. That is the why, increasing Labour Force boosts Economic Development. According to the data used, the coefficient of regression (0.438) of Population Growth has the positive effect to the model. At 0.05 level of significance, all coefficients included in their corresponding confidence intervals explains the positive relationship between both dependent and independent variables. The paper aims to provide evidence of relationship between population growth and gross domestic product in Rwanda. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R = 0.900) is very high, implies that the correlation between population growth and gross domestic product is perfect positive. Hence, Rwandan Population Growth rate increase cheap labour force that contribute to the work and boosts economic development. Since p-value is less than the level of significance value (0.000<0.01), (Table3), it confirms the significant relationship between both variables. The study was again conducted on land use consolidation. Therefore, production after land use was effective large than before one and boosting GDP. According to Paraid t test, the significant difference between variables was accepted due to the values of t statistics (7.810 up to 6.242) of crops for 3 degrees of freedom (df) which are highly than their critical values at level of significance of (0.05). Similarly, p-values (0.004 up to 0.008) which are less than (0.05), (Table6), confirm the existence of the significant difference between the production before and after land use consolidation. Hence, the null hypothesis which was no significance difference was rejected. Land use consolidation increases production due to a big number used of labour force to the appropriate and specification area in Rwanda and allow the high GDP through which the improvement of living conditions is satisfied.

The present paper primarily investigates in to the Contributions of Jamal Zadah to Persian Short Story writing in Iran. Undoubtedly Jamal Zadah was the literary giant and the pioneer of this modern genre. The study deals with the critical assessment of Short Stories produced by him. This article brings some of his short stories to the readers through which they can peep into the modern Iranian mind and society. This is an attempt to draw the attention of the readers towards this famous man of letter who has contributed a lot to the genre of modern prose literature.

The present paper primarily investigates in to the Contributions of Jamal Zadah to Persian Short Story writing in Iran. Undoubtedly Jamal Zadah was the literary giant and the pioneer of this modern genre. The study deals with the critical assessment of Short Stories produced by him. This article brings some of his short stories to the readers through which they can peep into the modern Iranian mind and society. This is an attempt to draw the attention of the readers towards this famous man of letter who has contributed a lot to the genre of modern prose literature.

The present paper primarily investigates in to the Contributions of Jamal Zadah to Persian Short Story writing in Iran. Undoubtedly Jamal Zadah was the literary giant and the pioneer of this modern genre. The study deals with the critical assessment of Short Stories produced by him. This article brings some of his short stories to the readers through which they can peep into the modern Iranian mind and society. This is an attempt to draw the attention of the readers towards this famous man of letter who has contributed a lot to the genre of modern prose literature.

To transmit information from one person to another, there is a necessity for some medium through which we can communicate with others. In this rapidly moving generation, Internet is the most effective medium for transmission of data from one computer to another. With aid of Internet; it is possible to access information about any discipline.

The real meaning and significance of democratic ecentralization can be understood in the light of a country’s prevailing social, economic and political conditions which determine the purpose and pattern of democratic process. India has a number of cultural diversities and socio-economic stratifications. So having mixed goals of democracy, decentralization and development, the Indian concept of democratic decentralization refers to the programmes and techniques which imply devolution of governmental powers and responsibilities, decentralization of political institutions, development of local leadership and strengthening the efforts for economic modernization. As Gandhi regularly called attention to, India lives in towns and unless town life can be rejuvenated the country as a entire can barely wake up. At the point when India got to be free in 1947, maybe 33% of the towns of India had conventional Panchayats and a hefty portion of them were a long way from prospering conditions. The Indian constitution attempted to advance the production of Panchayats and to make them successful units of neighborhood self-government.

With the development of the banking sector, it is interesting to know how the banks have performed. The objective of this paper is to analyze and compare the financial performance of J&K and South Indian Bank over a period of ten years (2005-2014).for the purpose of analysis financial ratios based on CAMEL approach and Independent t-test is applied. The analysis concludes that there is significant difference between the performances of J&K and South Indian Bank. But the performance of South Indian Bank is slightly less compared with J& K bank.

The invasion and conquest of the kingdom of Coorg by Haidar Ali started the process of the eventual annexation of Coorg by Mysore and later by the British East India Company. But this remains an obscure chapter in the history of South India. Due to the disagreement in the primary and secondary sources concerned with these events, this study aims to thoroughly whet the available sources and provide a plausible reconstruction of the happenings as they occurred. It is seen that the pattern established with the initial invasion i.e. conquest followed by rebellion in turn followed by punitive measures became set from the initial invasion of Haidar till the end of the Mysore Sultanate.

SC/ST persons are also human beings and so they are also eligible to enjoy all the rights that are enjoyed by other groups of people in society. They have the right to own land and property, the right to gender equality, the right to hold any job, the right to get proper medical care, the right to be free from all kinds of atrocities, torture, abuses and ill-treatment and the right to enjoy all the basic necessities required to lead a dignified life. Indian Constitution is full of ideals of liberty, equality and justice in social and political matters. Though Articles 14 to 17 provides social reconstruction through constitutional provisions and equality before the law and equal protection of the law, the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes are the most disadvantaged group.

Agricultural credit has played a vital role in supporting farm production in India. Though the outreach and amount of agricultural credit have increased over the years, several weaknesses have crept in which have affected the viability and sustainability of these institutions. Without credit to the agriculture this sector could not improved. The credit delivery mechanism to agriculture though fluctuating yet indicates that annual credit target and achievement of major financial institutions such as commercial banks, co-operative banks and regional rural banks surpassed in recent years. Total number of aggregated dispersal in terms of the regional distribution and disbursal by size/class of landholdings is not even the flow of agriculture credit has been fluctuating during the decade and this study pointed out that institutional credit to agriculture is snail situation, medium, short and long term credit has not improved as per the agricultural land in per capital, targets for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, it is important to address the regional and size imbalances, land size growth has negative and commercial banks to agriculture credit has gradually improved. It is suggested that, it is important to recognize the need to bring into line the flow of credit with the agricultural seasons so as to enhance its impact on agricultural production.

In an ever-progressing world with an increasing demand for energy and animal agriculture,[1] it is difficult to avoid climate change and its impacts on societies both locally and globally. Climate change affects social development factors, such as, poverty, infrastructure, technology, security, and economics across the globe. Although climate change affects everything we see around us, the interrelation between climate change and social vulnerability and inequality is particularly evident in impoverished communities. In particular, impoverished communities experience reductions in safe drinking water as well as food security as a result of climate change (OECD 2013) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) states that “Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind,on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.” It moreover entrusts Parties to take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in their relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions costs. The social dimensions of climate change should well understood or addressed They must. take full advantage of potential opportunities to reach a number of sustainable development goals.

Acknowledging the importance of peoples active participation in planning decision making, implementation and delivery system to accelerate rural development process, Government legislated the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, which became the Panchayati Raj law on April 24, 1993. Since then it became mandatory to involve local people and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to implement Government schemes and make them responsible to achieve the underlying objectives. The Law stipulated reservation for women and disadvantaged sections of the community, which created a space for them to be assertive and demand their rightful share in the decision-making at the local level.

Worker Value Proposition (EVP) is the parity of the prizes and advantages that are gotten by representatives consequently for their execution at the work environment. Associations by and large add to an EVP to give a steady stage to manager brand correspondence and experience administration. Manager marking is the procedure of promoting a company, or an organization, as the employer of choice to a desired target group, one which a company needs and wants to recruit and retain.

The research paper emphasize the impact of globalization on Indian politics, globalization has been in increasing use since the mid-1980s and especially since the mid-1990s. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge. A centralized political system has been an inevitable feature of the Indian economic planning in which the state governments were directed by the central government. Economic reforms urge an orderly role from the state governments. The procedure of liberalization and globalization is casting novel questions to the Indian federalism and it is likely to reorganizing power relations between the centre and the states.

Women empowerment has gained a lot of importance in the recent years. One of the most important contributions to empowering women is education. In this article we discuss the impact of female literacy on female work force participation rate for all the 26 districts of Gujarat. Though education is assumed to be an important contributing factor forincrease in the work force participation rate, from our econometric analysis we found out an inverse relation between the two indicators i.e. the higher the female literacy rate, the lower was the female WFPR in Gujarat. This can be due various reasons such as gender discrimination, poverty, household responsibility, and socialand religious norms restricting women to work away from home.

It has been found that the art had emerged right at the birth of man. Therefore art and man have been on integral part of each other’s life. Till 8th century, a lot of work was done in the cave temples, sculptures, stupas and relief sculptures. After this gigantic work drastic changes occurred in the world of art due to many reasons. The followers of Buddhism made strenuous and fresh efforts to spread their religion across the boundaries of India to foreign lands. Solid and huge work was replaced by petite, delicate art work and this was miniature painting. Thus came the emergence of the manuscript paintings. This art was mainly an instrument of religion. Miniature means very tiny. The main examples of this art have been found in Pala Buddhist manuscripts from Bihar, Bengal and western India. Some early examples of these paintings have been found in Kashmir.

“Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds tobe.” — Abraham Lincoln We as coaches have different types of players as students, some whoare talented and others who are not. However, looking back over the years we see that these players whowere very talented and who seemed to have everything in them toachieve success, never really achieved success in their careers. Perhaps, when we look closely it seems that these players after alldidn’t have “everything “ in them to become successful – They didn’thave the “right mindset”.

Education is a life long process . Modern education is child – centric and life centric. The subjects taught is the classroom are not sufficient for all round development of personality . So the formal education of School must be supplemented by extra –curricular activities like games and sports, debate, excursion , social service , cultural activities, dramaties , social functions etc. Today these activities are called co-curricular activities . Modern education has accepted these activities as an integral part of education .Co-curricular activities have great education value.

Non Corporate Small Business Sector (NCSBS) is the economic foundation of India and is recognized as one of the fastest growing sectors of the Indian economy. It plays a pivotal role in the growth and development of the country generates employment for more than 100 million people and produces more than 6000 products. According to the annual report of the Ministry of MSMEs (2013-14) the sector contributes around 8 in Indias GDP 45 of the manufacturing output and 40 in exports. Supporting the small entrepreneurs of India is the biggest way to help the Indian economy grow and prosper.

Communication skills can be defined as transmission of a message that involves the shared understanding between the contexts in which the communication takes place. Those skills are applied in the teachers’ classroom management, pedagogy and interaction with the class.Students must perceive a need to improve their language skills using modern-technologies. Communication skills both in oral and written become essential in all professions. In this paper communicative proficiency of the professional students from teacher education, business administration, engineering and medicine are examined with a communicative proficiency scale. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and one way anova.

Tridax procumbens(L.) belonging to family ‘Asteraceae’ is a common medicinal herb called ‘Jayanti veda’ in Sanskrit. It is used traditionally for treatment of many diseases such as dysentery, malaria, diarrhea, high blood pressure, stomach ache and to check haemorrhage from cuts bruises and wounds. The phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids(catechins and flavones), saponins and tannins. Anti-angiogenic property of extract seems to be inhibiting VEGF production and kills proliferating cancer cells by disrupting their microtubule cytoskeleton not allowing normal CAM vasculogenesis.

The internet is more and more rising as a handy tool of traveling for the tourist business. It presents a perfect platform for products and services for customers in tourism industry. Though, web based tourist information system provides not only on-line advertising material, but provides both value and service. There is close relationship between geographic Information technology and tourism sectors. It helps tourists to find what they are looking for, especially in reference to the geographic position of the object and its surroundings. In most cases, it is not pleasing to find a nice hotel without a reference to restaurants, tourist attractions or event locations located nearby.

Supervisors should know about the conceivable results while undertaking execution advising with their workers and look to minimize the conceivable dangers connected with these procedures. Administrators have a scope of obligations to give criticism to staff on their standard of work and lead and to viably oversee execution issues by giving execution advising.

In Indian society people are called with different terminology. Brahmins also called in different terms. They have migrated from different places in part of Karnataka, Yellapur, Sirsi, Siddapur, Sagar, Honnavar, Kumta etc. Brahmins originated and are settled in various areas. Different scholars have given different opinion for their origin and settlement.

In Indian society people are called with different terminology. Brahmins also called in different terms. They have migrated from different places in part of Karnataka, Yellapur Sirsi Siddapur Sagar Honnavar Kumta etc. Brahmins originated and are settled in various areas. Different scholars have given different opinion for their origin and settlement.